Montgomery County History

 

Montgomery County has always been a bellwether of national trends. Living in the backyard of the nation’s capital, the county’s residents have been both witness and party to many of the United States’ most significant historical events since before the Revolutionary War. 

 

The land that eventually would become Montgomery County was already abuzz with human activity when the English explorer Captain John Smith arrived at the Potomac River in 1608. Piscataway Native Americans had beaten him there by about 10,000 years and laid the groundwork for Montgomery County’s current infrastructure, forging paths through the forests that evolved into colonial trading routes before being paved into major roads like River Road and Rockville Pike.

 

European settlers—predominantly English, Irish and Welsh—cleared the forests in the late 17^th century, pushing the Native Americans west and planting the crop that would dominate the region’s economy for more than a century: tobacco.

 

In 1688, Henry Darnell patented the first tract of land in the area, a strip on the east side of Rock Creek. The region was part of Prince George’s County, which spanned much of the present-day Washington, D.C. suburbs in Maryland, until 1748, when the county was divided and the western portion became Frederick County.

 

In 1776, Dr. Thomas Sprigg Wootton pushed through the state legislature a measure to divide Frederick County into three new counties, and Montgomery County—named for Continental Army Major General Richard Montgomery, who never set foot in Maryland—was born. The state allotted four acres for a courthouse and jail in the center of the county. That hub grew steadily and is known today as Rockville, named for Rock Creek. Other communities later carried the family names of early settlers: Layton, Clarke, Poole, Hyatt, Neel, Browning, Clagett, King, Dawson, White, Dickerson, Spencer, Burton, Darne, Brooke and Gaither.

 

 

Early Rockville bustled with political activity. Hungerford’s Tavern was a popular meeting place for anti-royal revolutionaries, with notable patrons including George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry. In 1774, Maryland patriots congregated at the tavern to denounce the British taxes and proclaim their support for Boston following the blockade of its harbor. They issued “the Hungerford Resolves,” statements protesting the Crown that were published in the Maryland Gazette and ginned up support for American independence.

 

Independence came, and, in 1791, the Maryland Assembly ceded 36 square miles of Montgomery County—including the coveted port of Georgetown—to the newly established capital of Washington, D.C.

 

 

Montgomery County’s proximity to the capital proved vital in the nation’s early days. On August 26, 1814, President James Madison and his cabinet members fled to Brookeville and took refuge there for the night while the British laid siege to Washington.

 

The county also served as a significant commercial transportation corridor in the 19^th century with the construction of the Chesapeake & Ohio (C&O) Canal, which brought raw commodities from the Alleghenies to Washington and boasted powerful locks that were pinnacles of engineering at the time.

 

 

By 1840, unsustainable farming practices had rendered much of the land unsuitable for crops. The agricultural economy suffered briefly but rebounded when the Sandy Spring Society of Friends (Quakers) introduced new farming methods like crop rotation, deeper plowing and fertilization. By 1860, the county’s agricultural economy had rebounded, having diversified from tobacco into corn, wheat and oats.

 

The shift to new crops precipitated a decline in Black slave labor, though abolition would not reach Maryland until 1864. The story of one Montgomery County slave, Josiah Henson, who worked on a plantation in northern Bethesda, became the basis for the main character in Uncle Tom’s Cabin. Located between the plantations of northern Virginia, the massive slave markets of Washington, D.C., and the large community of free Blacks in Baltimore, the county served as a major route for escaped slaves via the Underground Railroad.

 

The county played a major role in the Civil War despite never seeing battle. Maryland was a border state and Montgomery County was deeply divided, with many Confederate sympathizers crossing the river to join the rebels. Rebel armies marched and countermarched through the county, plundering the countryside for horses and food. President Abraham Lincoln ultimately sent troops into the county to protect Maryland—and, by proximity, likely Washington—from falling into Confederate hands. Montgomery County remained Union territory and was spared from the perils of Reconstruction following the war.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Following the war, nurse and American Red Cross founder Clara Barton retired to Glen Echo, and today her former residence is a national historic site. Following Lincoln’s assassination, co-conspirator George Andrew Atzerodt was arrested in Germantown, where he had previously lived as a child.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Between 1870 and 1895, Montgomery County saw rapid development of railroads, telegraphs and electricity. The Metropolitan branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad opened in 1873, bringing rail service to the county for the first time and making it possible for developers to build suburbs like Chevy Chase and Takoma Park. These suburbs reflected the increasing importance of Washington, D.C. to the county’s development as agriculture dwindled ahead of the 20^th century. The value of real estate nearly doubled between 1866 and 1900, reaching more than $12 million by the turn of the century.

 

 

 

After World War II, people moved to Montgomery County from all over the country to work for the federal government, settling in suburban homes. Land values spiked, and many farmers sold out to developers, cementing the region’s shift away from agriculture. In 1984, the new Washington Metro red line brought public transportation to the county’s large federal workforce.

 

But many county residents found jobs closer to home in professional service industries. Over the next decade, the number of residents in the county’s workforce grew 43 percent. By the end of the 20^th century, more residents worked for private companies than for the federal government, a trend that holds today.

 

Montgomery County is still strongly influenced by its border with Washington, D.C., and continues to grow. It is home to some of the most diverse communities in the nation; its current development is shaped by immigration from all over the world. High-growth industries, like biotechnology and information technology, have established headquarters here. Montgomery may be one of the country’s oldest counties, but it is still at the forefront of the future.

 

 

 

For more information, see: T.H.S. Boyd (compiler), The History of Montgomery County, Maryand, From Its Earliest Settlement in 1650 to 1879 (Baltimore: W. K. Boyle & Son, Printers, 1879); Montgomery County, Maryland: Our History and Government (Rockville, Md,: Montgomery County Office of Public Information, 1991; Perry G. Fisher and Eileen S. McGuckian, The Red Brick Courthouse: A Centennial History of Mountgomery County, Maryland’s Third Courthouse (Rockville, Md.: Friends of the Red Brick Courthouse, 1991).